Does forced or compensated turnout lead to musculoskeletal injuries in dancers? A systematic review on the complexity of causes

Injury prevalence in dancers is high, and misaligned turnout (TO) claimed to bear injury risk. This systematic review aimed investigate if compensating or forcing TO leads musculoskeletal injuries. A literature was conducted according the PRISMA Guidelines using databases of PubMed, Embase, Emcare, Web Science, Cochrane Library, Academic Search Premier, ScienceDirect. Studies investigating relationship between compensated forced injuries all genders, ages, levels were included. Details on measurements had be provided. Screening performed by two researchers, data extraction methodological quality assessment executed one researcher checked another. 7 studies with 1293 Methodological low due study designs a general lack standardised definition pathology methods TO. The lower extremities showed hip-focus only. Non-hip contributors as well their natural anatomical variations not accounted for, limiting understanding mechanisms underlying As such no definite conclusions effect could made. Total dependent complex motion cycles rather than generalised (hip) joint dominance Objective dual maximum passive range through 3D kinematic analysis combination physical examination needed account for variations, locate sites prone (overuse)injury, mechanisms.